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On April 18, 1906, the mighty San Andreas Fault -- which slices along 800 miles of coastal California -- slipped, creating a magnitude 7.8 earthquake, one of the strongest ever recorded in the continental United States. Nows a great time to start window-shopping at the. The shocks continued throughout the day but were so light frequently as to be hardly noticeable. Furniture moving was lower than damaged chimneys, for instance. a"!mf5Z ,Ki&&&@b#H )aq4(ut0Jt446tp4tV C"8::@ And we know the answer to that is yes.". Aerial view of the city taken from a series of kites five weeks after the earthquake and fire (154K). Their findings make up a two-volume tome, the largest set of seismic effects ever compiled in a single report. On a map of Northern California, he has placed tiny squares. hb```m,B cBIFkmm\vUg \:t80F2( Read the document introduction, the transcript of the letter, and the broadside, and apply your knowledge of American history in order to answer the questions that follow. Blue posts just off the trail at the Bear Valley Visitor Center of the Point Reyes National Seashore, near Olema, mark the San Andreas Fault line. View looking west from Telegraph Hill in San Francisco after the 1906 earthquake. -&"sl +[+sG P6}y Since early seismometers were unable to register the strength of such a powerful earthquake, the scientists instead interviewed witnesses, examined damages to buildings, landslides, trees that snapped, and evidence of ground cracking. According to the UC Berkeley Seismology Lab, the earthquake killed over 3,000 people, injured about 225,000 and caused property damage totaling $400 million in 1906. < href="https://www.familyeducation.com" rel="noopener" target="_blank">, San Francisco Census Facts: 1906 Versus Today, The Largest Earthquakes in the United States. Therefore, scientists who measure earthquakes that happened before 1900 review historical accounts of damage to buildings, the distance at which people felt tremors from the epicenter, and reports on changes in the soil. by the earthquake and fire is now believed to underestimate To learn more about Californias early earthquake warning system, click here. Steinbrugge Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Earthquakes are an inevitability in San Francisco and many other parts of California. The quake and resulting fire were one of the worst natural disasters in California. "This is called elastic rebound theory, and it's still at the heart of our understanding of faulting processes," he said. n3kGz=[==B0FX'+tG,}/Hh8mW2p[AiAN#8$X?AKHI{!7. It was first thought to have been in Marin County, then northwest of the Golden Gate, and most recently, in the Pacific Ocean about two miles west of San Francisco. B. Macelwane Archives, Saint Louis University But it's commonly known as the Lawson Report, after Andrew Lawson, the geologist who organized the scientists just after the quake. A recently discovered account of the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco written by US Commissioner Silas W. Mack vividly describes the devastation, with 700 lives lost and a city left in shambles. crust led Reid (1910) to formulate his elastic-rebound theory With water mains broken, fighting the fires was almost impossible, and about 500 city blocks were destroyed. To view this site, enable JavaScript by changing your browser options and try again. If we are, we could be looking at big trouble. Most of the Little was known about the San Andreas Fault before 1906, but that changed when a team of scientists immediately fanned out across the California landscape to record what happened. She says there's an urgency to this endeavor. This headstone, about five inches thick, was snapped in half. Nearby Sebastopol was given the highest shaking rating for this quake, 9 1/2. Would feel better if I could cry but I cannot. Not sure about the geography of the middle east? Technically, it's called the Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission. Francisco Bay area. The quake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. Accompanying Macks solemn letter is a proclamation stating that law enforcement was "authorized [by the city] to KILL any and all persons found engaged in Looting or in the Commission of Any Other Crime." In the public's "Beginning in the late '60s we started having some small to moderate earthquakes in the Bay Area and then, of course, the magnitude 6.9 (Loma Prieta) in 1989," says Zoback. At the Point Reyes National Seashore in Marin County, California, a short trail takes visitors to this displaced fence, showing an 18-foot gap, one of the largest offsets found after the 1906 quake. We've got you covered with our map collection. Brush up on your geography and finally learn what countries are in Eastern Europe with our maps. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or According to Allen, scientists learned that earthquakes are caused by tectonic plates slipping past each other along those fault lines, causing a rupture along the fault. From this information they try to determine the intensity and magnitude of the earthquakes. Each square has an intensity rating of one to 10. Then came the Big One, followed by a long period of relative quiet in Northern California. U.S. Geological Survey So, during the reconstruction, new buildings were made with steel frames rather than the traditional wood frames. While earthquakes are nothing new for many Californians today, the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco caught many off-guard and leveled entire city blocks. He suggested that, if shaking were detected outside of a city, then a signal could be transmitted to a city by using telegraph cables. But what came from that destruction were advancements in science and emergency preparedness, all in hopes of never repeating the devastation experienced over a century ago. Near the small town of Graton, north of San Francisco in Sonoma County, is a cemetery that was severely damaged in the earthquake. In 1906, the two gigantic tectonic plates that rub against each other at the San Andreas Fault shifted. The earthquake was also determined to be one of the most powerful. They mapped the fault and produced a report that gave birth to modern earthquake science in this country. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. While much of the building crumbled away, its steel frame stood firm. )=b#6kP!P%alj|*v|rtvvv bjNo1}z6 The 1906 earthquake was assigned a Richter rating of 8.3, but on the newer moment magnitude scale it has been demoted to one measuring 7.8 or 7.9. Hundreds, perhaps thousands of trapped persons died when South-of-Market tenements collapsed as the ground liquefied beneath them. "So, it's more likely than not that we will have a large, damaging earthquake greater than a magnitude 6.7 earthquake in the Bay Area in the next 30 years.". Despite the devastation caused by the earthquake, most of the damage to the city was caused by another factor: fire. Thursday NightLife (21+): 6 10 pm. elsewhere. But when calculating destruction, the earthquake took second place to the great fire that followed. The highest Modified Mercalli Intensities (MMI's) B. Macelwane Archives, Saint Louis University, 'Seismic Signature' May Aid Early Warning, Hourly Earthquake Forecasts Available for California, How the Next Quake Could Affect San Francisco, Scientists Study Quake-Prone Area for Predictive Cues. There have been several since I have been in California but only two before this were sufficiently pronounced so that I remember them. (Universal History Archive / Universal Images Group / Getty Images). Why did Silas Mack express doubts about when his sister would receive his letter? Thirty miles north of San Francisco, there is dramatic evidence of one such offset. After three years of research, confirming and adjusting Lawson, Boatwright has accomplished his assignment. the total loss of life by a factor of 3 or 4. Cindy Carpien, NPR Learn about one of the world's oldest and most popular religions. A woman stands next to a fault trace near Point Reyes Station, which is located northwest of downtown San Francisco. "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 hSn0=d[($YXEDK*HRH H! You'll be happy you did. They did no damage. Center). will go down in history as the date of the most terrible calamity the United States, and particularly California, has ever known. The lowballing city figures may have been a public relations ploy to downplay the disaster with an eye on rebuilding the city. Over a century has passed since the 1906 earthquake brought San Francisco to the ground. Violent shocks punctuated the strong shaking which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. The main temblor, having a 7.77.9 magnitude, lasted about one minute and was the result of the rupturing of the northernmost 296 miles of the 800-mile San Andreas fault. And this was the general experience in Monterey and Pacific Grove. "There was a shift to more robust buildings that were both more fireproof and also were more resilient to shaking," Allen said. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, a great earthquake broke loose, with an epicenter near San Francisco. the most important study of a single earthquake. hide caption, At the time of the 1906 quake, a hotel stood on this site in Marshall, in Marin County. San Francisco City Hall after the 1906 Earthquake. On Oct. 17, 1989, at 5:04 p.m., at the height of the rush hour, Bay Area residents thought the "big one" had struck. Monday Saturday: 9:30 am 5 pm Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. (1908) report remains the authoritative work, as well as arguably All By clicking on one particular square, you can see, for instance, that Graton (near that cemetery) has an intensity rating of 8 to 9. "This is one of the places where the slip is the largest in the 1906 earthquake," says John Boatwright with the U.S. Geological Survey. The damages were estimated at about $400,000,000 in 1906 dollars, which would translate to about $8.2 billion today. N')].uJr The death toll is estimated at over 3,000 people. This broadside, issued by San Francisco Mayor E. E. Schmitz, exemplifies the mass hysteria that occurred following the quake. And that's also true of other areas lying right along the fault. At 5:12 a.m. on April 18, 1906, the people of San Francisco were awakened by an earthquake that would devastate the city. According to Allen, the earthquake occurred along the San Andreas fault line near San Francisco with the epicenter located just offshore from the city. the earthquake confounded contemporary geologists with its 8(r5PE d \ eg i @|^-P)4#0@t@fx1b0 f People felt shaking from Oregon in the Pacific Northwestto Los Angeles and from the inland to central Nevada. I had gotten out of bed and rushed to the front door but it was so foggy outside that I could see nothing, the first fog of the season. Its effects, which were most pronounced in San Francisco, were felt as far north as Oregon and as far east as Nevada. In fact, the shaking was so strong that it was felt from as far south as Los Angeles and as far north as Coos Bay, Oregon cities lying about 400 miles away from San Francisco. It ruptured 477 km (296 mi) along the San Andreas Fault. Learn more about the mythic conflict between the Argives and the Trojans. "The 1906 earthquake was so important because it completely changed how we saw the science of earthquakes," said Richard Allen, a seismologist at the UC Berkeley Seismology Lab. model of the earthquake cycle. That one is still in the future. Now there's some evidence that the fault is again being stretched to the breaking point. large, horizontal displacements and great rupture length. One important characteristic of the shaking intensity noted in Lawson's (1908) report was the clear correlation of intensity with The headstone of Thaddeus Ames, who died in 1876. Our mission is to regenerate the natural world through science, learning, and collaboration. "Everywhere you look, you can sort of see broken headstones and they all predate 1906. The earthquake was felt from southern Headquarters: 49 W. 45th Street 2nd Floor New York, NY 10036, Our Collection: 170 Central Park West New York, NY 10024 Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, 20092022 ", The headstone of Thaddeus Ames, who died in 1876. (from Steinbrugge Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Center). In 1906, almost 300 miles of the San Andreas Fault broke loose, creating a quake 30 times more powerful than Loma Prieta in 1989, which killed 62 people. After the earthquake, about 200,000 people were left homeless. It tells me that it shook really strongly here," Boatwright says. The earthquake was also critical in furthering seismology and understanding the earthquake process. However, concern about earthquakes is still top of mind for many. rights reserved. mind, this earthquake is perhaps remembered most for the fire The San Andreas fault is on the boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate. Seismologists found the Richter scale fine for lower magnitude quakes, but inaccurate for higher magnitude ones. J. A woman stands near the 1906 ground rupture northwest of Olema in Marin County. We were awakened at 5:15 A.M. by the shock of the earthquake. It predicts that if a quake equal to 1906 occurred, it could kill as many as 3,400 people and cause $150 billion in damages. At almost precisely 5:12 a.m., local time, a foreshock occurred with sufficient force to be felt widely throughout the San The report is by a team of experts led by structural engineer Charles Kircher. Through Boatwright's own observations and descriptions in the Lawson Report, he's determined that some of the strongest shaking during the 1906 earthquake happened in Graton, 50 to 60 miles away from the epicenter near the Golden Gate. x- [ 0}y)7ta>jT7@t`q2&6ZL?_yxg)zLU*uSkSeO4?c. R -25 S>Vd`rn~Y&+`;A4 A9 =-tl`;~p Gp| [`L` "AYA+Cb(R, *T2B- nQt}MA0alSx k&^>0|>_',G! fault rupture. %PDF-1.5 % In 1906 there were only about 650,000 people living in the area, but today more than 7 million people make their homes in the San Francisco Bay region. They covered hundreds of miles of landscape on foot and horseback. effects, and other consequences of the earthquake, the Lawson This caused fire from the stoves to ignite many buildings. 760 0 obj <> endobj The fence lies at right angles across the fault, and is split, one end 18 feet to the north of the other end. The California Academy of Sciences is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. Shaking damage, The epicenter of this earthquake has moved around in the past 100 years, as advances in seismology have been made. fatalities occurred in San Francisco, and 189 were reported "We see these events happening. 0 hide caption. Imagine waking up to the world shaking all around you. This is what the people of San Francisco woke up to just after 5 a.m. on April 18, 1906. Find out what you can do right now to protect yourself in the event of an earthquake. underlying geologic conditions. Scientists in 2003 estimated that there is a 62% probability of a 6.7 magnitude or larger earthquake hitting the Bay Area in the next 30 years and Californians live in the shadow of "the big one.". ", "[The 1906 earthquake] is estimated to be about a magnitude 8 earthquake a really large earthquake, one of the biggest earthquakes we expect to have here in California.". Cindy Carpien, NPR Martial law was not declared, but some 500 looters were shot by police and the military. Its magnitude is estimated at 7.9, but values up to 8.25 have been proposed. wG xR^[ochg`>b$*~ :Eb~,m,-,Y*6X[F=3Y~d tizf6~`{v.Ng#{}}jc1X6fm;'_9 r:8q:O:8uJqnv=MmR 4 One stone bears the name Thaddeus Ames, who died in 1876. "That means that when you go from a magnitude four to a magnitude five, it's 10 times bigger. And so, that has its roots all the way back in the 1906 earthquake, which is pretty neat.". Chicago rescued 20,000 victims, one of the largest sea evacuations in history, rivaling Dunkirk in World War II. As a result, Boatwright has become an expert on graveyards, where he finds not only a record of death but also a dramatic demonstration of the shattering force of 1906. Geophysicist John Boatwright visited more than 20 cemeteries in Sonoma County, looking for evidence of the 1906 earthquake. redistributed. 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. The farmer who showed people his cow later recanted, saying he merely pushed the cow (which died of natural causes) into the crevasse. Wednesday, April 18th. Sign up for event updates and exciting announcements. This is a small cemetery near Graton, Calif., in Sonoma County, which endured some of the strongest shaking in the 1906 quake. According to Allen, after the 1906 earthquake, a doctor named J.D. Cooper proposed implementing such a system. Infoplease is a reference and learning site, combining the contents of an encyclopedia, a dictionary, an atlas and several almanacs loaded with facts. Learn more about the world with our collection of regional and country maps. of VII to IX paralleled the length of the rupture, extending as far as 80 kilometers inland from the fault trace. Zoback says the Lawson Report was the first to recognize that, over time, strain builds up on a fault and is followed by a big release. The 7.1 Richter scale (6.9 moment magnitude) Loma Prieta earthquake, with its epicenter about 60 miles from San Francisco, was the largest one to hit the region since 1906. the most significant earthquakes of all time. Check ourencyclopedia for a gloss on thousands of topics from biographies to the table of elements. 775 0 obj <>stream During the earthquake, the ground west of the fault tended to move northward and, in the most extreme instance, a 21-foot shift was measured. Indeed, the significance of the fault and recognition of its City officials estimated the casualties at 700 but more modern calculations say about 3,000 lost their lives. Cindy Carpien, NPR We know what the impact is going to be," Allen said. Youre now subscribed to NightLife updates. [? %%EOF Thousands camped at city parks in tents supplied by the Army. The earthquake was felt from southern Oregon to south of Los Angeles and inland as far as central Nevada. Sunday: 11 am 5 pm "You would have a characteristic bell, as he called it, in the center of the city that would ring. 768 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<34C5AC5A29BB544CBAA10A62423782FA>]/Index[760 16]/Info 759 0 R/Length 57/Prev 982315/Root 761 0 R/Size 776/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Another lesson learned was how earthquakes happen. from it than from its sheer size. the advent of plate tectonics more than half a century later. says Zoback. Mary Lou Zoback, Boatwright's supervisor, says that's the kind of question they can begin to ask by using Boatwright's data in a brand new, three-dimensional map of the earth's crust in Northern California. comes more from the wealth of scientific knowledge derived This story was produced by NPR's Cindy Carpien. At the end of the posts is a fence, which appears to be torn in half. At least one scientist, though, fell victim to a tall tale. You'll learn why earthquakes happen, how they've shaped the Bay Area, and what you can do to prepare for the next one. Everybody would know that there was an earthquake coming," Allen said. In 1906 San Francisco was the ninth largest U.S. city with a population of 400,000, and over 225,000 were left homeless by the disaster. hide caption, At the Point Reyes National Seashore in Marin County, California, a short trail takes visitors to this displaced fence, showing an 18-foot gap, one of the largest offsets found after the 1906 quake. (Arnold Genthe / Universal History Archive / Universal Images Group / Getty Images). hide caption. Many of the gravestones are lying broken on the ground. Boatwright visited dozens of sites mentioned in the Lawson Report to see what evidence of shaking still remained. Center, Steinbrugge Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research Center, What was Learned Scientifically from 1906, Other Major Earthquakes in the SF Bay Area. Still, Boatwright is in tremendous awe of the Lawson Report. Today, its importance HyTSwoc [5laQIBHADED2mtFOE.c}088GNg9w '0 Jb "In the period leading up to 1906, there were lots of earthquakes in the San Francisco Bay area," says Zoback. all rights reserved, A perspective on the San Francisco earthquake, 1906, Located on the lower level of the New-York Historical Society, The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Zoback says they hope they'll be able to slide a virtual epicenter along a map of the fault and predict the intensity of shaking depending on where the quake starts. endstream endobj startxref (HUM Images/Universal Images Group / Getty Images). "It's only now over 100 years later, we have an earthquake early warning system for California, Oregon and Washington called ShakeAlert. A digital "shake map" of the 1906 earthquake in Northern California. In fact, there was so much damage to headstones in this area, that gravestone makers nearly stopped making marble headstones. While Californians today are accustomed to regularly feeling the light shakes of earthquakes at a magnitude 3 or 4, the earthquake that struck San Francisco in 1906 was exponentially greater. On April 20, the U.S.S. The city was then destroyed by a Great Fire that burned for four days. I do not feel much like writing about it. H|Tn0}WY_@`1$n;uudk$<{,hlZn3@^C4t^L HbFy} wT;XS]@},[tID1~=Jdx*NaDXLq! Why did San Francisco Mayor Schmitz issue a darkness until daylight curfew? It includes tiny squares, each with an intensity rating of one to 10. hbbd``b`AD (2xd100b% 25+a2y$H)up}}hB24*1Z[X( "If you see images from after the San Francisco earthquake and fire, you see just dead flat landscape with all of the roads in a crisscross pattern because all of those wood frame buildings have been completely burnt to the ground.". Analysis of the 1906 displacements and strain in the surrounding The death toll is uncertain. A scientific report written a century ago said the occupants "did not realize that the hotel had fallen, but at first thought that the water had risen." nqirA:alVCUn3>]-Y Z_%zc7czM)tLu t ,|Q~:-. HM6.lf/g4w5q]0' Wo]oH!Y1,Mdj{2qry-wii1)?/1nwFJ]SOJ~0&fSB%XE0)!Hb8# B}KP)%!,CBv04(!X(]x~gxkE6=}CmNq60mJ3pcu^N}[*1W#UUhlhl]eImXv,U`EgG4~q}hwwa,>9 | appellation of the "San Francisco earthquake". 296 miles (477 kilometers) of the San Andreas fault from northwest of "And as soon as you have several of these fires, of course, it's no longer possible to contain them, and the fire just grows and grows and grows until it's burnt a very large fraction of the city.". Registration is open for Fall 2022 courses in the Gettysburg College-Gilder Lehrman MA in American History. The Lawson scientists didn't know anything about plate tectonics at the time, but their detailed information proved invaluable for later seismologists. At the Point Reyes National Seashore, the Earthquake Trail takes you along a path where blue posts in the hillside mark precisely the location of the fault. caused, geologic observations of the fault rupture and shaking Time is running out. "In many places in (the Lawson Report), you have areas where the only effect that is recorded is the milk that was poured into a shallow pan every morning before dawn by your milkman is sloshed out of the pan," Boatwright says. Use a map in order to locate San Francisco, Monterey, Pacific Grove, Salinas, San Jose, Palo Alto, and Santa Rosaall specifically mentioned in Macks letter. Ideas for using videos, articles, and infographics about earthquakes in the classroom. So what's going on here? Most of those buildings immediately caught fire, and trapped victims could not be rescued. "Before the 1906 earthquake, believe it or not, we didn't understand that earthquakes occurred on fault lines," Allen said. This material is also available as a free iBooks textbook and iTunes U course. When his boss at the USGS assigned him to find out where the ground shook the most and least in 1906, he used the report as his guidebook. "Earthquakes were a part of daily life at the turn of the century.". Boatwright says it's not the work of vandals. San Francisco 1906: The earthquake that shook up seismology. Cindy Carpien, NPR Violent shocks punctuated the shaking, which lasted some 45 to 60 seconds. One thing the scientists measured was the offset of roads, rows of trees and fences. Learn more. "Are we now beginning to move into another very active seismic period?". This photograph by Arnold Genthe shows Sacramento Street and approaching fire. Santa Rosa, nearly destroyed in 1906, was almost as high. of the earthquake source, which remains today the principal But seismologists said this was not the major earthquake feared by all. "In the Bay Area, the likelihood of a major damaging earthquake in the next 30 years, it's basically a two in three likelihood," Allen said. Blue posts just off the trail at the Bear Valley Visitor Center of the Point Reyes National Seashore, near Olema, mark the San Andreas Fault line. See whats revealedevery Thursday at NightLife. The frequently quoted value of 700 deaths caused !.rLRnpFg]Z~T Bo4^3y\f@p!TmU[3 exx~ox4 V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= This one was much more violent even here and was accompanied by a dreadful rumbling noise and roaring, not particularly loud but coming as it were from mighty forces at war in the distance. A USGS electronics technician performs maintenance on a ShakeAlert Earthquake Early Warning (EEW) sensor station, located in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco earthquake and the fire that followed left approximately 250,000 people homeless, destroyed 25,000 buildings, and resulted in an estimated $350 million in damages. Geophysicist John Boatwright visited more than 20 cemeteries in Sonoma County, looking for evidence of the 1906 earthquake. Cindy Carpien, NPR The city of San Francisco, which was much closer to the epicenter, was not shaken as severely. (from Steinbrugge Collection of the UC Berkeley Earthquake Engineering Research There was not the least damage done in the house and no dishes, vases or anything breakable hurled to the floor. "The question is, where's the shaking gonna be the strongest?" OI.bC4\CLpv:B"=B7o')LPR-lleA*O;"|lX[=BC&#%|?VvCa~Q"ajkfn-F|9}tNV.XN hide caption. The great San Francisco earthquake struck on Wednesday, April 18, 1906 at 5:12 am, with the offshore epicenter about 3 km (2 mi) south of the city. hide caption, A woman stands near the 1906 ground rupture northwest of Olema in Marin County. Get a new perspective on earthquakes with this rich collection of multimedia resources. Areas situated in sediment-filled valleys sustained stronger shaking than nearby bedrock sites, and the strongest shaking occurred in areas where ground reclaimed from San Francisco Bay failed in the earthquake. He's created a digital shake map of the 1906 earthquake. Sign up for the Academys monthly newsletter and get a promo code for 10% off at our online retail store. "The magnitude scale is a logarithmic scale," he said. A man walks through the ruins of San Francisco's Chinatown after the 1906 earthquake. endstream endobj 761 0 obj <>/Metadata 92 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[769 0 R]>>/Outlines 106 0 R/PageLayout/SinglePage/Pages 753 0 R/StructTreeRoot 161 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 762 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 763 0 obj <>stream Berkeley Seismological Laboratory Bookshelves come crashing down, table and chairs are violently jolted from the floor, walls begin to crumble and then your home becomes engulfed by fire. The fire, lasting four days, most likely started with broken gas lines (and, in some cases, was helped along by people hoping to collect insurance for their propertythey were covered for fire, but not earthquake, damage). J. Damaged and broken headstones give valuable "shaking" clues about earthquakes. The scientists loosely assigned shaking ratings to different areas. Property damage was estimated at $6 billion dollars, making this the costliest natural disaster to that date. Charles Richter developed his scale in 1935 to measure the amount of seismic energy released, the magnitude, of an earthquake. Boatwright puts his palms together and slides one forward, the other back. ] /*1R5K.;8_rxWHcnRdIJdfivG6j#*V)%BP,2Cx*Sj)pq#St0PvWj|G '=Nn%KHRH\L%%fnP)O&LzC]kYJR9Itu 1]w:83 8J According to Allen, shaking from the earthquake knocked over wood-burning stoves, the main source of heat for homes at the time. At the time, people noticed that the few buildings in the city that had steel frames remained standing.

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